Ethnocentric Education - 1811 Words

In the United States, ethnocentric charter schools are flowering to provide non-white students alternatives to the white hegemonic pedagogy (Buchanan, Fox, Eckes, Basford, 2012). The same model would work wonderfully in Canada, where multiculturalism is more entrenched and welcomed. Target populations in Canada for ethnocentric education would be African-Canadian, Native Canadian, and Asian Canadian. Ethnocentric education, also known as culturally appropriate education, is not a monolithic pedagogical model. In fact, ethnocentric education can entail demographically mixed schools with separate courses of study; demographically mixed schools with separate marking systems; or demographically segregated schools. There is far more evidence to support the use of the latter. There are three primary reasons why ethnocentric education in the form of segregated schools would be beneficial. The first is that ethnocentric education combats white/European-American hegemony in ways that a unive rsalist curriculum categorically cannot do. Second, ethnocentric education empowers and encourages at-risk youth to overcome the structural barriers and inequities that exacerbate their struggles. Third, ethnocentric pedagogy has been proven to work in practice, based on empirical studies. As Szabolcsi (1989) defines it European educational systems evolved to presume universalism. Universal phenomena were explained in terms of a single coherent value system, generally from the point of viewShow MoreRelatedLyon Park s Community And Recreation Center1002 Words   |  5 Pagesbeen destroyed to construct apartment complexes built by Duke University. A critical theorist might question how Durham can best offer quality education to all students taking account for disadvantaged members of society – such as students from the dominated culture, or from less privileged neighborhoods. For example, in Joel Spring’s â€Å"American Education† Lee and Burkham found the second strongest correlation between family factors and reading skills in students entering kindergarten was access toRead MoreEssay about Chechen Refugee Camps and Education1414 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿ Chechen Refugee Camps and Education 620/ PSYCH April 14, 2014 Dr. Neysa Hatcher Chechen Refugee Camps and Education The creation of schools is one of the leading ways to produce hope and stability in refugee camps. Many would love to go to school because, currently they have no other option, but to teach themselves. Refugees can recall having great memories of their past school experiences, which they use as motivation to continue to learn. On account of my involvement with aRead MoreWhat Kind Of Cultural Curriculum Should Be Taught997 Words   |  4 Pagestries to persuade the reader to see their side of this issue. This is a persuasive article by a credible author, with each side using examples and creditable sources to support their views. Position 1 stresses the importance of the multicultural education because of the drastic increase of immigrants in our schools in order to persuade you to see its point of view. According to the authors Nelson, Palonsky and McCarthy (2013) when they say â€Å"the population of the United States is expected to rise fromRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book By Joel Spring981 Words   |  4 Pagesfor equal rights among Native Americans, African American, Asian and Hispanic people. The conflict was never easy because the United States demonstrated an ethnocentric attitude, which caused the idea of deculturalization for many of the incoming immigrant races. The book demonstrates accuracy in many of the historical struggles between education, language, culture lands, and equal rights for a voice among the people in the United States. There are many new and existing information that I receivedRead MoreWhy I Am An Educator999 Words   |  4 Pagesquality of education, but knew I wanted to become an educator. After spending a great deal of time in class, it opened my eyes toward many things that go on within the education system. On the very first day, valuable information was presented on Educational Philosophies in United States: Essentialism, Perennialism, Pragmatism/Progressivism, and Social Reconstructionism. Even though I never knew or taught about being raised with the Essentialist philosophy of education, I learnedRead MoreRejecting the Myth of Colorblindness in Education1632 Words   |  7 Pagesif this philosophy will enable us to bridge any gaps between races, this thought attempts to focus on how we are all the same, rather than how we differ. Teachers and administrators are required to complete coursework pertaining to multicultural education with the purpose of enabling them to better understand the students whom they teach. It is believed that when one understands the culture from which a student belongs, the teacher will be able to reach that student in a more effective manner. ButRead MoreThe Importance Of A Culturally Competent Educator1163 Words   |  5 Pagescultures presently than throughout my childhood. Therefore, if located in community with plentiful of immigrant students, I plan to read literature which teaches educators how to teach in such a designed community. Moreover, I think multicul tural education literature provides an understanding of a similar community to the school district before experience the community firsthand. Nonetheless, through reading, teaching books with a similar cultural climate, I can comprehend and implement approachesRead MoreI.Introduction. Cultural Competence Is The Foundation In1567 Words   |  7 Pagesable to develop a sense of belonging, form strong relationships with their teachers, relate better to lesson plans, and improve their overall academic performance. II. Cultural Competence in Relations to the Textbook The textbook, â€Å"Multicultural Education in a Pluralistic Society†, written by Donna Gollnick and Phillip Chinn, discusses the problem students and teachers run into when teachers are not culturally competent. When teachers are unaware of their student’s culture, they often misinterpretRead MoreThe Outcome Of Reconstructed History Course Material1676 Words   |  7 PagesProfessor Hellwig English 101 3 May 2016 The Outcome of Reconstructed History Course Material Education is very important this day and age, especially in our society and culture. However many textbooks that are being used in American history classes are being reconstructed or rejected. These materials range from that of which local communities, state school boards, teachers and parents have decided is inappropriate for children to be learning, such as nudity, or teaching subjects that some mayRead MoreAnalysis Of Woodrow Wilson High School1311 Words   |  6 Pageslack motivation of learning. Erin Gruwell, which is the teacher with a plan to take action within a school to not only improve the scores of based on the school as a whole, but to develop each child in inspiring them to take on interest of their education and build a future of life not survival. I will be expressing three key aspects that stood out in the film that evolve within this course. First, social structure, discrimination/prejudice, melting pot, and ethnocentrism will be different aspects

Is It Okay to Give My Professor a Gift

So you think your professor is awesome. Is it ever okay to give him or her a gift? You certainly dont have to give professors gifts. A gift is never expected and in some cases may be viewed as inappropriate. For example, if you are a poor student, a gift might be perceived as an attempt to win a professors favor. A graduating student (or one working closely, thus developing a collegial relationship, with a professor) may wish to show gratitude for years worth of assistance by giving a gift, but the gift must be small and inexpensive. If you truly appreciate your professor, you may present him or her with a small token gift. So what can you give a professor thats appropriate? Give a Card The most important element to gift-giving is the thought behind it. Virtually every professor cherishes and shows off heartfelt cards from valued students. While it may not seem like much, a card expressing sincere gratitude in writing makes most professors feel like their work matters. We all want to make a difference. Your card will tell your professor that he or she has. Keep It Inexpensive If you must present your professor with a gift other than a card, then the rule is that it must be inexpensive (five to ten dollars, never more than 20 dollars), and ideally presented at the end of the semester. Gift Certificate for Coffee A gift certificate to your professors favorite coffee shop is always an appreciated  token. Remember to keep the amount small. Store-Bought Edibles If youd like to gift a professor with edible treats as a symbol of your gratitude, seek out store-bought, wrapped treats such as specialty chocolates, a tin of assorted teas, or fancy coffees. A small, wrapped gift basket or mug with coffees in it is a hit with many professors. Fancy Office Supplies Binder clips, notebooks, sticky note pads, these are the tools of academia. Both useful and thoughtful, presenting professors with fancy decorative versions of these basic tools can help make daily tasks a little more fun. Avoid Homemade Baked Goods While homemade cookies or cakes may seem like a great way to personally express your gratitude, such items are generally not a good idea. From nuts to gluten to lactose, allergies are a common issue often far too difficult to track these days. More to the point, most professors make it a habit not to eat homemade edibles from students for safety reasons.

The Program For Parents Of Preschool Children With...

Running head: IT TAKES TWO TO TALK 1 It Takes Two to Talk The Hanen Program Tina Dungan Jackson State University IT TAKES TWO TO TALK 2 Abstract This paper explores a published article that investigates the use of It Takes Two to Talk-The Hanen Program for Parents of Preschool Children with Cerebral Palsy within an exploratory study. The study looks into the changes in interaction between children with motor disorders (children with cerebral palsy) and their parents. This study involved children aged 19-36 months with motor disorders that were not progressive but affected their communication. This paper examines the study’s motivation and background, the participants, research questions/methods, and key findings. The paper concludes with a comparison to the Parent-Caregiver Implemented Interaction Language Intervention: Introduction to the Hanen Approach workshop given by Tony Stephen, MA, CCC-SLP. IT TAKES TWO TO TALK 3 It Takes Two to Talk The Hanen Program Children with cerebral palsy (a congenital motor disorder) have a difficult time controlling facial movements for expressions and speech, which makes communicating difficult to interpret. Children with cerebral palsy depend on their communication partner for conversational exchanges. The communication with children with cerebral palsy is usually limited to functional purposes to meet a particular need for the child. This diminishes the child’s social participation and education.Show MoreRelatedEssay about Cerebral Palsy2810 Words   |  12 PagesDefinition Cerebral palsy is a broad term recognizing any number of neurological disorders that typically develop either during pregnancy, during childbirth or early childhood until about the age of three. It permanently affects body movement and muscle coordination, though it never progress’s over time. The word cerebral palsy is claimed from the combination of the defined terms cerebrum, referring to the damaged part of the brain, and palsy, referring to the disorder of a movement. Cerebral palsyRead MoreClinical Decision Making For Physical Therapy Assistant1369 Words   |  6 Pagesstatistics are mentioned and the procedures. We see the similarities of Psychology involving definitions. Tecklin, J. S. (2007). Pediatric Physical Therapy Edition 4. In this book we see the major diseases and issues that are usually common for children who need physical therapy to fix their disabilities. As the other books mentioned before we see the diagnostics and treatments. In this new edition we see the common case studies and the rare ones and break it down into steps. What’s interestingRead MoreCase Studies for Meeting Students Needs4299 Words   |  18 Pagesamplification. In the past, Emily has been enrolled in a Head Start class with typical peers. Emily experienced great success in her preschool classroom. She had access to assistive technology that assisted her in participating in most activities within the class. Emily will be starting kindergarten in the fall. She will be in a general education class with typical peers. Emily’s parents, and her IEP team, expect her to be fully included in most activities. Please describe assistive technologies that will allowRead MoreThe Mission Of Valley Mountain Regional Center1176 Words   |  5 Pagesservices to people with developmental disabilities. Valley Mountain Regional Center serves children and adults with developmental disabilities in San Joaquin, Stanislaus, Amador, Calaveras and Tuolumne counties. 1,614 children under age 3 and their families are served in VMRC’s Early Start Program which emphasizes family-focused, community based, coordinated care. Eligibility criteria for the Early Start program: a child with a delay of 1/3 or more in one area of development (cognitive, social-emotionalRead MoreThe Autism Screening Instrument For Educational Planning1400 Words   |  6 Pagesphysical therapists, pediatricians, and neurologists. Since problems with communication and social skills are early symptoms of this disorder, SLPs play a main role in the diagnosis and should be consulted early in the evaluation process. Talking to the parents and caregivers of the child who may have autism is critical to tell the professionals about the childâ €™s behavior. When diagnosing, an SLP will use screening procedures to evaluate the main characteristics that make autism spectrum disorder differentRead MoreDrug And Substance Abuse During Pregnancy1442 Words   |  6 PagesA child develops in stages, and every stage is very important. The actions of the child parents were identified to be the single most important variable in child development right from conception. This paper divided the stages of development into three. The first stage was the before birth, followed by the stage between birth and twelve months, and the last stage was the stage of between one year and preschool. Kronstadt (1991) highlighted that drug use had a different impact depending on the stageRead MoreBecoming A Special Education Teacher1058 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Special education labels don’t define children; Children define themselves† (Dalien, 2015). I am interested in becoming a special education teacher because I have always lo ved being around children, and I have a soft spot for kids with autism and other disabilities. The first time that I ever thought about working with special needs children was when I was in the fifth grade. My mom worked at my school as a teacher assistant in a first grade classroom, so in the morning I would go to her classroomRead MoreChallenges of Raising a Disabled Child1815 Words   |  8 Pagesoften unreceptive environment. Consequently, parents can be at increased risk for excessive levels of personal distress which in turn can adversely affect the well being of the child and the entire family unit (Plant Sanders, 2007). Parents of children with disabilities can be at an increased risk for psychosocial distress (Parish, Rose, Grinstein-Weiss, Richman Andrews, 2008; Plant Sanders, 2007). The parenting responsibilities for parents of children with disabilities often require a significantRead MoreA Study On Occupational Therapy Essay924 Words   |  4 PagesOccupational The rapy was the profession she wanted to purse. She currently works at John A. Coleman school in White Plains, NY. It is a preschool for children with special needs. The children she works with range from birth to five years old. Many of the children have physical disabilities, common diagnoses are cerebral palsy, downs syndrome, developmental delay, children who were born premature, sensory processing disorders, fetal alcohol syndrome and some rare genetic diagnoses. She works Monday throughRead MoreCauses And Consequences Of Premature Birth Essay4585 Words   |  19 PagesIntroduction Babies born before thirty-seven weeks gestation are considered to be preterm, or premature. More than one in every ten babies is born too early. Preterm birth complications are the leading cause of death among children under five years of age. Premature birth has a wide range of effects. All babies born before thirty-seven weeks gestation are at risk for complications that can have a lasting effect on the growing baby and family. At twenty-four weeks, the survival rate of a premature

The Increasing Popularity of E-Commerce and the...

The Increasing popularity of E-Commerce and the effectiveness of online retail The increased usage and awareness of E-Commerce and online retail has greatly affected the way in which products are bought and sold in today’s society. For this assignment I will be researching the effectiveness and efficiency of offline and online retail environments of clothing products. I will be using Porter’s Value Chain Analysis to evaluate how value is created in e-business and I will then suggest significant improvements which I feel can lead to increased consumer use of online purchasing. There are many differences between the online retail environment of clothing and offline retail environment clothing. The main differences between the two can be†¦show more content†¦Porter’s Value Chain identifies key activities which most businesses have in common. The following is a diagram representing Porter’s ideas.-http://www.themanager.org/models/valuechain.htm The first activity Porter addresses is â€Å"Inbound Logistics† which involves how the raw materials are received, stored and distributed to manufacturing. In the case of an online clothing business this would involve gathering all the materials (silk, satin, denim, cotton, nylon etc) necessary to meet the demands of the thousands of online shoppers, to make each item of clothing and ensuring there is sufficient storage space in the warehouse for them to be stored in the best way possible, to avoid any deterioration with regards to the quality of the materials. Businesses should ensure they have an appropriate size of a warehouse also. It should not be too big as this would see the business lose potential profit as they wouldn’t be making efficient use of their full capacity. The materials are then transported to the manufacturing station next. The second step Porter refers to is â€Å"Operations† which entails all the assembling, machining and testing neededShow MoreRelatedBusiness Is The Organization Of Conducting Business887 Words   |  4 Pages1.0 Introduction E-Business is the organisation of conducting business by means of the web. According to the Retail Week (Bowden, 2015), online sales have developed by 14% from 2013 to 2014 with it surpassing  £100bn. The expanding popularity of online retail predicts that online sales are predicted to increase by 12% in 2015. This report will explore the future for retailers like Marks and Spencer and the key characteristics required for continued successful operations. 2.0 Findings A bricks andRead MoreOnline Shopping Habits1389 Words   |  6 Pages REVIEW OF LITERATURE ONLINE SHOPPING Online shopping or online retailing is a form of electronic commerce which allows consumers to directly buy goods or services from a seller over the Internet using a web browser. Alternative names are: e-shop, e-store, Internet shop, web-shop, web-store, online store, and virtual store. An online shop evokes the physical analogy of buying products or services at a bricks-and-mortar retailer or shoppingRead MoreDecathlon China1582 Words   |  7 PagesChina Problem Statement:- In the upcoming executive meeting Aaron Zhou the e-commerce department head has to persuade the CEO to dedicate more resources towards social media in order to increase online sales short term and market share in long term. So how can decathlon china use social media effectively to attract more customers online towards its brand? And what missing Framework Zhou should use to measure the effectiveness of using Social Media as a marketing tool? Case Analysis:- DecathlonRead MoreOnline E Commerce Sales : A Important Role By Becoming An Innovative Phenomenon Essay2106 Words   |  9 Pageswith the fashion retail industry. Most of the fashion retailers in the industry have undertaken the strategies to go beyond the servicing customers via the salespersons through the adoption of the technology devices like the tablet computers that provide towards consumer services. E-retail distribution was established through the proposal that was designed to save a considerable amount of money while proving all the features that it is required for the online E-commerce sales. The e-retailing involvesRead MoreThe Impact Of Mobile Commerce On The Youth Market2677 Words   |  11 Pagesbeen assessed in order to evaluate the scenario of mobile commerce and understand the influence of mobile commerce on the purchasing behavior of youths. The aim of this literature review is to evaluate existing data and researches about mobile commerce and purchasing behavior of youth, in order to establish a relationship effectively and understand how mobile commerce affects the youth market. Differences between e-commerce and m-commerce: Throughout the 1990s, the introduction of internet and ecommerceRead MoreE Commerce : A New And Improved Way Of Shopping Essay2297 Words   |  10 Pagesto as e-commerce - a new and improved way of shopping (Wang, 2010). E-commerce connects consumers to their favorite products and stores from around the world from the comfort of their own homes - this entails greater accessibility, increased comfort and a diverse range of products from a variety of different shops to choose from. One particular example of an e-commerce organization that has grown immensely in the last decade is Amazon.com. Amazon, founded in 1994, is the world’s leading online retailRead MoreINTRODUCTION One the leading E-Commerce companies in India, SNAPDEAL was founded by Kunal Bahl and3400 Words   |  14 PagesINTRODUCTION One the leading E-Commerce companies in India, SNAPDEAL was founded by Kunal Bahl and Rohit Bansal in 2010. The initial parent company was Jasper InfoTech Private Limited. Snapdeal started as a daily deal platform but later diversified into product retailing across various categories. After Product retailing it changed to Pure Market Place Model, which allows e-commerce companies to save on storage and other inventory-related costs since the products are held by the merchants. SnapdealRead MoreEssay about Marketing Opportunities4985 Words   |  20 Pagesimprovement and innovation and is trusted by more than 10,000 customers in Queensland. Situation analysis The retail market changed over the last few years, it became more competitive than ever before. Therefore consumer buying patters changed as well. BBQfun increased they market share until 2010 steadily to $10m. Since 2010, sales dropped dramatically because of changes in the retail market, technology and changed consumer behavior. BBQfun has moderate pricing, extensive and high-quality productRead MoreEssay on Reiss Three Year Marketing Plan4683 Words   |  19 Pageshas 39 stores worldwide and is expanding rapidly. The following 3 year strategic marketing plan will demonstrate the steps Reiss need to take in order to become a dominant force in the UK and a strong international brand. Keys to success: †¢ E-business development †¢ International expansion †¢ Domestic market growth †¢ Product development †¢ Brand awareness †¢ Organization flexibility 2. SITUATION ANALYSIS 2. 1 MACRO ENVIRONMENT †¢ ECONOMIC o In order to tackle interest ratesRead MoreSituational Analysis : The Wildlife Fund Of Kenya1237 Words   |  5 Pagesto simply increase the brand visibility and its customer base in the competitive retail marketplace. In doing so, Freedom of Animals must be fast to adapt to the advancing technology in marketing. As the traditional form of direct marketing is weakening by the second, e-marketing through an online platform is the best way to keep in pace with the dynamic crowd. Fast forward to the present day, the rise of e-commerce and various social media platforms have made it easier to market to all consumer

Lucy vs. Zehmer Free Essays

Case Brief: W. O. LUCY AND J. We will write a custom essay sample on Lucy vs. Zehmer or any similar topic only for you Order Now C. LUCY v. A. H. ZEHMER AND IDA S. ZEHMER Facts of the Case: After several drinks, Zehmer (D) wrote and signed a contract in which he agreed to sell his farm to Lucy (P) for $50,000. Zehmer insisted that he had been intoxicated and thought the matter was a joke, not realizing that Lucy had been serious. Zehmer was trying to get Lucy to admit to not having $50,000. Lucy claimed that he was not intoxicated and believed that Zehmer was also sober. Lucy brought suit for specific performance when Zehmer refused to complete the transaction. The trial court ruled for Zehmer holding that Lucy had not established a right to specific performance. On appeal the Supreme Court of Virginia found that Zehmer was sober enough to know what he was doing and that his words and actions warranted a reasonable belief that a contract was intended. Question: In determining whether a party has made a valid offer, how does the court determine whether the party had the intent to contract? Holding: The Supreme Court of Virginia reversed the decision of the Circuit Court of Dinwiddie County, Virginia and stated Zehmer had signed a binding contract. Reasoning: The parties of a contract do not have to mentally agree to the deal. If their words or actions have the reasonable meaning of a serious business transaction, undisclosed intentions are immaterial and do not render the contract unenforceable. A contract must have a good faith offer and a good faith acceptance with terms of consideration known by each party. The court ruled that just because Zehmer had not mentally agreed to the deal, his conduct indicated to Lucy in a reasonable manner that the transaction was not a joke, and Lucy had no knowledge of Zehmer’s mental assessment. How to cite Lucy vs. Zehmer, Papers

Trust Among Project Managers and Their Team free essay sample

One of a Project Manager’s most important roles is that of building a team. In building that team, he or she must gain the respect and trust of all of the members within that team. In the book trust is defined as â€Å"the confidence one person places in another that the other will honor all commitments†(Thompson, p. 93). This is a vital component because the team must have faith in the person who is leading the project. Being the project manager is a very important job which requires not a lot of experience, but also hard work and determination. The project manager has to have a good understanding of what the objective is, understand what is needed to get to that objective, and be able to communicate all levels of the project effectively to the team. Basically, the project manager must go above and beyond that of meeting the expectations of all of the members in order to gain their trust. We will write a custom essay sample on Trust Among Project Managers and Their Team or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It is not only important that the members of the team trust the project manager, but also that the project manager can trust the rest of the team. Being a part of a team involves risk, especially when there is a level of self-management that the team members will have to do. Having trust in the team can have many benefits such as improving communication, better performance and less conflict among the members. Many times in groups we see implicit trust which is when we trust someone for little or no reason at all based on short interactions that we may have had. (Thompson, p. 95) When we have extremely high levels of trust in a group, we can tend to see the level of performance go down. We can see the performance of a team improve when the project manager and the team members are all monitoring each other’s activities or keeping themselves aware of what is going on in all different areas of the team. Monitoring the team is not necessarily an indicator in a lack of trust, but merely an attempt to assess the project and the progress of the team. It is important to use discretion when choosing when and how much to monitor the team activity because too much monitoring can affect the performance of the team. It has been said that high levels of trust are associated with low monitoring and low trust is associated with high monitoring. (Langfred 2004) Although the team needs to have a strong and organized leader, the team also needs to feel a sense of independence and trust. The image below shows how trust can affect a team’s performance. http://search. ebscohost. com/login. aspx? direct=truedb=buhan=13405639site=ehost-live As we can see, there are several different aspects of trust that can affect the team and its performance. By placing more trust in the members of team and giving them challenges that will require them to work individually as well as together as a team, you will have a more successful outcome. Team members will work better together and separately when they feel that they can be trusted and that what they are contributing to the project is making a difference.

Total Cost of Ownership free essay sample

Examples include: return on investment, internal rate of return, economic value added, return on information technology, and rapid economic justification. A TCO analysis includes total cost of acquisition and operating costs. A TCO analysis is used to gauge the viability of any capital investment. An enterprise may use it as a product/process comparison tool. It is also used by credit markets and financing agencies. TCO directly relates to an enterprises asset and/or related systems total costs across all projects and processes, thus giving a picture of the profitability over time. Computer and software industries TCO analysis was popularized by the Gartner Group in 1987. [1] The roots of this concept date at least back to the first quarter of the twentieth century. [2] Microsoft then embraced the concept and commissioned various white papers and case studies in the late 90s to show that Windows had a lower TCO than Linux. The studies have not been found to be either objective or conclusive. [3] Many different methodologies and software tools have been developed to analyze TCO. TCO tries to quantify the financial impact of deploying an information technology product over its life cycle. These technologies include software and hardware, and training. Technology deployment can include the following as part of TCO: †¢ Computer hardware and programs o Network hardware and software o Server hardware and software o Workstation hardware and software o Installation and integration of hardware and software o Purchasing research o Warranties and licenses o License tracking compliance o Migration expenses o Risks: susceptibility to vulnerabilities, availability of upgrades, patches and future licensing policies, etc. †¢ Operation expenses Infrastructure (floor space) o Electricity (for related equipment, cooling, backup power) o Testing costs o Downtime, outage and failure expenses o Diminished performance (i. e. users having to wait, diminished money-making ability) o Security (including breaches, loss of reputation, recovery and prevention) o Backup and recovery process o Technology training o Audit (internal and external) o Insurance o Information technology pers onnel o Corporate management time †¢ Long term expenses o Replacement o Future upgrade or scalability expenses Decommissioning Transportation industry The TCO concept is widely used in the transportation industry. For example, the TCO defines the cost of owning an automobile from the time of purchase by the owner, through its operation and maintenance to the time it leaves the possession of the owner. Comparative TCO studies between various models help consumers choose a car to fit their needs and budget. Some of the key elements incorporated in the cost of ownership for a vehicle include[4]: †¢ Depreciation Costs †¢ Fuel Costs †¢ Insurance †¢ Financing †¢ Repairs †¢ Fees and Taxes Maintenance Costs †¢ Opportunity Costs See also †¢ Cost to company (CTC) †¢ Activity-based costing †¢ Life cycle cost analysis †¢ Total benefits of ownership †¢ Total cost †¢ Total cost of acquisition TCO Webopedia Abbreviation of Total Cost of Ownership, a very popular buzzword representing how much it actually costs to own a PC. The TCO includes: †¢ Original cost of the computer and software †¢ Hardware and software upgrades †¢ Maintenance †¢ Technical support †¢ Training Most estimates place the TCO at about 3 to 4 times the actual purchase cost of the PC. The TCO has become a rallying cry for companies supporting network computers. They claim that not only are network computers less expensive to purchase, but the TCO is also much less because network computers can be centrally administered and upgraded. Backers of conventional PCs, especially Microsoft and Intel, have countered with Zero Administration for Windows (ZAW), which they claim will also significantly reduce TCO. March 21, 2008 †¢Ã‚  Vol. 30 Issue 12 Page(s) 24 in print issue Info-Tech Insight TCO: What? s Old Is New A colleague of mine recently posed an innocent question, â€Å"When did the concept of total cost of ownership emerge? † Several responses pointed to the actions of the IT analyst community in the mid-1980s. Another colleague said, â€Å"Phooey. We used TCO at UNIVAC in the 1970s. † But the concept seems to be much older. [pic]In Search Of TCO The New York Times is always a good source for harnessing zeitgeist. The first technology article in the Times that mentions â€Å"total cost of ownership† dates from March 1995. It’s called â€Å"The Executive Computer; A Dinosaur in Open Systems Clothing† and parrots the analyst lingo. It’s about? no surprise? the AS/ 400. The classifieds are more interesting. An ad from July 16, 1967, lists total cost of ownership as a crucial skill for a â€Å"Support Systems Life Cycle Cost Analyst† for the aerospace industry. I should note that this ad predates the birth of the IT analyst industry by several years. The academic literature also points to this era as the possible beginning for TCO. A 1976 article in the Journal of Finance, â€Å"Leasing, Buying, and the Cost of Capital Services,† discusses the â€Å"total cost of ownership† for production machinery. More remarkably, a review in Quality Progress from 1968 notes, â€Å"Total cost of ownership is being used profitably in the elevator industry. † OK, elevators aren’t IT, but the concept certainly seems the same. So TCO dates back at least to the late 1960s, perhaps a result of free love and pervasive civil disobedience (as anyone with experience at UNIVAC could doubtless relate). But a little additional digging demonstrates that the concept is even older and appears in a few dusty books. â€Å"Principles of Engineering Economy† from 1938, for example, includes the term in the introduction and on pages 17 and 18. Most dramatically, however, â€Å"Manual of the American Railway Engineering Association† (1929) notes that, â€Å"in the event there is a surplus of power then the total cost of ownership should be multiplied by the ratio of the cost of repairs to the total. † [pic]Just How Old Is TCO? After reveling in my discovery that TCO dates from at least 1929, a colleague noted that the ancient Egyptians probably used the concept (assisted, no doubt, by some handy big iron from UNIVAC). I doubt that the Egyptians had the concept of TCO given their habit of making capital investments with extreme durability. The notion of â€Å"replacement period† doesn’t make a lot of sense when we’re talking about housing the eternal souls of living gods. And labor costs are largely moot for a nation of slaves. The Greeks and Romans probably didn’t really have TCO either. They divided the world of knowledge into three realms: episteme, knowledge of the world as best represented by mathematics; praxis, the applied knowledge of political leaders; and techne, the base knowledge of masons, weavers, and other artisans. As with the Egyptians, techne was the realm of slaves and was despised by the rest of society. This prejudice persisted through the collapse of the Roman Empire and through the Middle Ages. The medieval traditions of scholasticism and, later, humanism deprecated anything to do with technology. It wasn’t until the introduction of gunpowder at the Battle of Crecy in 1346 and the rise of bastioned fortification to resist gunpowder artillery that technologists really started to get the recognition, and compensation, with which we are now familiar. [pic]TCO: â€Å"Revolution† In French The concept of utility and efficiency, core principles of TCO, didn’t emerge in the Renaissance. As in the realm of art and sculpture, technology was the product of virtuosi, not to be repeated on a mass scale. I suspect that the base principles of TCO emerged with the French physiocrats of the late 18th century, such as Anne-Robert-Jacques Turgot or Fran? oise Quesnay. They established crucial elements, such as investment capital and diminishing returns. Their concepts were subsequently expanded by Adam Smith in his Wealth of Nations. They were crucial for the later institutionalization of engineering and science that occurred during the French revolutionary era, particularly the rationalization of the armories. Napoleon’s engineers began to pay very close attention to issues like the effectiveness of cannons, how easily they were moved and repaired, and how long they lasted in active service. While they didn’t call this process TCO, the core elements were certainly there. So, if I had to guess, TCO dates not from the late 1980s but from the late 18th century. There’s an important lesson in this. The key takeaway for me is that most good advice has a much longer history that we realize. Sometimes, it even predates UNIVAC. August 2008 What that car really costs to own Knowing a vehicles cost over time can save you thousands in the long haul [pic] Illustration by Carlo Stanga A less-expensive car can cost you more in the long run than a more-expensive alternative, our new ownership-costs comparisons have found. At about $17,500, a Mitsubishi Lancer could cost $4,000 less than a base  Mini Cooper to drive home. But when you estimate the total costs of ownership for each car, the Lancer could cost you $5,000 more over five years. A Toyota Highlander can cost you $3,000 more to purchase than a Ford Explorer V6, but owning the Ford after five years can cost $6,750 more. In addition to shopping for a good deal, car buyers should also consider how much a model will cost them to own. That includes depreciation, fuel costs, interest, insurance, sales tax, and maintenance and repair costs. To help, Consumer Reports is introducing its new owner-costs estimates, which can help you compare models and could save you thousands of dollars. The owner costs Ratings cover one, three, five, and eight years of ownership and are based on a comparison of all models within the Consumer Reports database over eight years. Because depreciation is factored in our estimates, we assume that the vehicle will be traded in at the end of the term. COSTS VARY AMONG SIMILAR MODELS [pic] WHERE THE MONEY GOES  Ã‚  Here is how ownership costs break down over five years, based on our study of more than 300 vehicles. In analyzing ownership costs we made some notable discoveries: †¢ While Hyundai and Kia models have low prices and long warranties, the savings are often offset by poor resale values. Hyundais Accent and Elantra dont prove any less expensive after five years than Hondas more expensive Fit and Civic. Most Lexus models have relatively high maintenance and repair costs (primarily due to maintenance), despite excellent reliability. The Lexus ES350 racks up an average of $2,300 in maintenance and repair in the first five years, about twice what youd pay on a Lincoln MKZ. †¢ A little sports car can cost less to own than a family sedan. The Mazda Miata and Mazda6 V6 sell for about the same price. B ut at the end of five years, we estimate the Miata owner will be about $7,750 ahead. †¢ The Toyota Prius is one of the few hybrids that can save you money. It costs about $7,500 more than a similarly sized Chevrolet Cobalt to buy but costs almost $3,500 less over five years. CALCULATING THE COSTS Our cost of ownership Ratings comprise six main factors: Depreciation is the largest cost factor by far. On average, it accounts for about 46 percent of total ownership costs over five years. Depreciation is a vehicles loss in value over a defined period. To calculate it, we start with the price of a typically equipped model and factor in the discounts offered off of the manufacturers suggested retail price on some models. The average model depreciates about 65 percent over five years. Some vehicles depreciate faster than others because of oversupply, limited appeal, or rebates on similar new models. When we dont have depreciation data for a new model, we use estimates based on comparable vehicles. Fuel costs can really add up, especially for SUVs. For example, you could pay more than $15,000 to fill up a Dodge Nitro over five years, while a similar-sized but more-efficient RAV4 V6 could save you $4,000 during that time. To calculate fuel costs, we assume the vehicles are driven 12,000 miles a year, the average reported by respondents to our annual survey. To that we apply the national average price of $4. 00 a gallon for regular gas as of early June 2008. For models that require premium or diesel fuel, we use these costs: $4. 20 a gallon for premium, and $4. 80 for diesel. On average, fuel is the second-largest cost of vehicle ownership, at 26 percent over five years. Interest is tied directly to vehicle price, and accounts for about 12 percent of five-year ownership costs. We calculate it based on a five-year loan, with a 15 percent down payment, because that is how many people buy cars. We use the average interest rate of 6. 8 percent as reported by Bankrate. com in June 2008. Insurance costs vary depending on many factors, including your age, location, and driving record. And they can dramatically boost the ownership costs of models that otherwise would seem affordable. For example, if youre looking for a fast car on a budget, steer clear of the Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution. Insurance can run $2,500 a year or more. Conversely, the similarly priced Acura TL can cost as little as $900 to insure over a year. Overall, insurance makes up about 11 percent of total ownership costs over five years. Costs are derived from data from the Highway Loss Data Institute. Maintenance and repair costs make up 4 percent of ownership costs over five years on average, according to data from 675,000 Consumer Reports subscribers who responded to the online version of our 2007 Annual Car Reliability Survey. They gave us their estimated costs for the last year-excluding tires-and their responses provided data for more than 300 models on vehicles up to eight years old. We used estimates based on similar models when data was unavailable. The majority of the costs are covered by the factory warranty during the first few years. But for some vehicles it can still add up. On average, we found that the Range Rover is the most expensive vehicle to own for maintenance and repairs, costing about $2,000 in the fifth year alone. But the Toyota Land Cruiser is also luxurious and very capable off-road and costs only $600 in that year. Sales tax costs owners about as much as maintenance and repair does. We use the national average of 4. 9 percent.